08 Oct To achieve internal validity, a researcher must design and conduct experiments where

To achieve internal validity, a researcher must design and conduct experiments where only the ________ variable can be the cause of the results.

 

  dependent

 

  independent

 

  confounding

 

  criterion

 

 Question 2A good experimental design requires eliminating all possible ________ variables that could result in alternative explanations.

 

  dependent

 

  independent

 

  confounding

 

  valid

 

 Question 3In a Solomon four-group design, if there is no impact of the pretest,

 

  the posttest scores will be different for all the groups.

 

  the pretest scores will be different for all the groups.

 

  the posttest scores will be the same for all the groups.

 

  the posttest scores will not be affected.

 

 Question 4When a confounding variable is present in an experiment, one cannot tell whether the results were due to the

 

  independent variable or the dependent variable.

 

  independent variable or the confounding variable.

 

  dependent variable or the confounding variable.

 

  dependent variable or the participant variable.

 

 Question 5Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood of internal validity in an experiment with random assignment of participants?

 

  the use of control for extraneous variables

 

  removal of confounding variables

 

  the use of a pretest

 

  the use of experimental control

 

 Question 6In a ________ design, half the participants receive only a posttest, while the other half receive both a pretest and a posttest.

 

  pretest-posttest

 

  one-group pretest-posttest

 

  Solomon four-group

 

  two-group pretest-posttest

 

 Question 7Hector measures participants based on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Hector’s method of participant assignment is an example of a(n) ________ design.

 

  independent pairs

 

  repeated measures

 

  Latin squares

 

  matched pairs

 

 Question 8A design that assigns different participants to each condition using random assignment is a(n) ________ design.

 

  independent groups

 

  repeated measures

 

  Solomon four-group

 

  pretest-posttest

 

 Question 9________ occurs when the effects of an independent variable and an uncontrolled variable are intertwined, so that one cannot determine which of the variables is responsible for a particular observed effect on a dependent variable.

 

  Attrition

 

  Confounding

 

  Fatigue effect

 

  Counterbalancing

 

 Question 10Which of the following is true of a repeated measures design as compared with an independent group design?

 

  It requires a greater number of participants.

 

  It is less likely to detect the effect of the independent variable.

 

  It gives the researcher a greater ability to see and explain individual participant differences.

 

  It decreases the likelihood of an order effect.

 

 Question 11In an experimental design, if awareness of the pretest poses a problem, a researcher is LEAST likely to

 

  disguise the pretest.

 

  embed the pretest in a set of irrelevant measures.

 

  employ a Solomon four-group design.

 

  tell the participants what is being studied and why.

 

 Question 12________ is a process for controlling order effects with all possible orders.

 

  Elimination

 

  Randomization

 

  Complete counterbalancing

 

  A Latin square

 

 Question 13Natasha wants to know whether wearing sunglasses helps while driving. In a counterbalanced repeated measures design, the presence or absence of sunglasses would be varied by

 

  having half the drivers drive with sunglasses and the other half drive without sunglasses.

 

  having all drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses.

 

  having half the drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses and having the other half first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses.

 

  having all drivers first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses.

 

 Question 14If the two groups involved in an experiment are not equivalent,

 

  the experimental result is likely to be affected by ethnocentrism.

 

  the experiment is said to have high internal validity.

 

  it is impossible to conduct a replication.

 

  it cannot be ascertained that the independent variable caused the results.

 

 Question 15Irene wants to examine the effect of a defendant’s appearance on the judgment of guilt for a crime. She has participants read an identical account of the crime except for the defendant’s appearance. A group of high school students receives the description of an attractive defendant, while a group of senior citizens receives the description of an unattractive defendant. Both groups are then asked to rate the defendant’s guilt on a 7-point scale. A major cause for confusion in Irene’s experiment is the

 

  manipulation of appearance.

 

  measure of guilt.

 

  description of the crime.

 

  age of the participants.

 

 Question 16In the context of staged manipulations, researchers assume that

 

  these manipulations do not demand a great deal of ingenuity.

 

  the result will be natural behavior that truly reflects the feelings and intentions of the participants.

 

  the results can be interpreted easily.

 

  these manipulations do not demand any complicated procedures.

 

 Question 17Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study is called a(n)

 

  experimenter expectancy effect.

 

  demand characteristic.

 

  placebo effect.

 

  manipulation check.

 

 Question 18Event manipulations often involve the use of

 

  videotapes.

 

  confederates.

 

  learning materials.

 

  stimulus presentations.

 

 Question 19Experiments conducted in field settings and observational research in which the observer is concealed or unobtrusive measures are used do which of the following?

 

  Minimize the problem of demand characteristics.

 

  Help achieve floor effects.

 

  Measure the sensitivity of dependent variables.

 

  Create experiments using straightforward manipulations.

 

 Question 20A researcher who measures the speed of helping in response to a request is using a ________ measure.

 

  self-report

 

  physiological

 

  behavioral

 

  reactive

 

 Question 21Which of the following is a similarity between demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy?

 

  Both are essential to study the true relationship between variables.

 

  Both involve expectations that may influence the behavior of study participants.

 

  Both increase the internal and external validity of a study.

 

  Both help conduct experiments more easily.

 

 Question 22What is the reason for using multiple measures?

 

  A variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways.

 

  The order of presenting the measures need not be counterbalanced.

 

  Responding to the initial measures seldom affects responses on the later measures.

 

  It is less expensive and easy to implement.

 

 Question 23An experimenter’s expectations are less likely to influence the results of a study with

 

  staged manipulations.

 

  automated procedures.

 

  single-blind procedures.

 

  straightforward manipulations.

 

 Question 24Which of the following allows researchers to scan areas of the brain while a research participant performs a physical or cognitive task?

 

  magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

 

  electroencephalogram (EEG)

 

  functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI)

 

  electromyogram (EMG)

 

 Question 25Participants were asked to consume either 8, 16, 24, or 32 ounces of alcohol. They were then asked to recite the English alphabet as quickly as possible. In this scenario, the number of failed attempts it takes for the participants to correctly recite the alphabet will be an example of a ________ measure.

 

  self-report

 

  physiological

 

  reactive

 

  behavioral

 

 Question 26When an independent variable appears to have no effect on a dependent measure only because participants quickly reach the maximum performance level, it is known as a(n) ________ effect.

 

  performance

 

  floor

 

  ceiling

 

  order

 

 Question 27Adam measures the amount of time two people spend gazing into each other’s eyes as an indication of interpersonal attraction. In this scenario, Adam is most likely using a(n)

 

  archival measure.

 

  self-report measure.

 

  physiological measure.

 

  behavioral measure.

 

 Question 28When examining the effect of appearances on judgments of criminal behavior, a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim to disguise the dependent measures in the study. These unrelated questions are referred to as

 

  independent measures.

 

  filler items.

 

  task measures.

 

  placebo measures.

 

 Question 29Which of the following is a key characteristic of straightforward manipulations?

 

  An accomplice is usually employed while conducting experiments.

 

  Situations that occur in the real world are simulated.

 

  Researchers try to create a specific psychological state in the participants, such as frustration, anger, or a temporary lowering of self-esteem.

 

  Researchers are usually able to manipulate independent variables with relative simplicity by presenting written, verbal, or visual material to the participants.

 

 Question 30Promelute Inc., a pharmaceutical company, conducts a study for its new drug for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The researcher is unclear about the results of the study because he is not sure if the improvement observed resulted from the properties of the drug or from the participants’ expectations about the effect of the drug. Such an effect is known as a(n) ________ effect.

 

  order

 

  placebo

 

  ceiling

 

  fatigue

 

 Question 31Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident are greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe rather than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest

 

  a main effect of responsibility.

 

  a main effect of outcome.

 

  an interaction between gender and responsibility.

 

  an interaction between gender and outcome.

 

 Question 32How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 ×2 ×2 ×2 factorial design?

 

  2

 

  4

 

  6

 

  8

 

 Question 33In a 2 × 3 factorial design, there are ________ main effect(s) and ________ interaction effect(s) possible.

 

  2; 2

 

  2; 1

 

  3; 2

 

  2; 3

 

 Question 34In a 2 × 2 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 20 participants per group, how many participants are needed?

 

  20

 

  40

 

  60

 

  80

 

 Question 35A factorial design involves

 

  more than one independent variable.

 

  specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable.

 

  having multiple dependent measures.

 

  using one independent variable or factor.

 

 Question 36A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure; however, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) ________ type of design.

 

  2 × 2 independent groups

 

  2 × 2 repeated measures

 

  2 × 2 mixed factorial

 

  IV × PV

 

 Question 37A 4 × 3 factorial design would have ________ conditions.

 

  3

 

  4

 

  7

 

  12

 

 Question 38Mary finds an interaction between a defendant’s gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the

 

  main effect of appearance.

 

  simple main effect of appearance.

 

  main effect of gender.

 

  simple main effect of gender.

 

 Question 39An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the

 

  credibility of the speaker.

 

  type of student.

 

  educational researcher.

 

  attitude change.

 

 Question 40In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

 

  1

 

  2

 

  6

 

  9

 

 Question 41A researcher employs an IV ×PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students are asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the

 

  gender of the student accused of cheating.

 

  university attended (private or public).

 

  class level of the participants (freshmen).

 

  punishment assigned.

 

 Question 42In order to study the effects of personality characteristics on intelligence, a researcher assigned participants to two groups: introverts and extroverts. The researcher then conducted two intelligence tests of differing difficulty and calculated the mean scores of the two groups. Each of the participants was also given a puzzle, and the time taken to solve the puzzle was noted down. In this research, which of the following are the attribute variables?

 

  personality characteristics—introverts and extroverts

 

  the IQ test and the puzzle

 

  the time taken to complete the test and the time taken to solve the puzzle

 

  mean scores of the two groups

 

 Question 43A researcher designs a study in which participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

 

  independent groups

 

  repeated measures

 

  mixed factorial

 

  within-subjects

 

 Question 44A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was as follows:

 

Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n)

 

  lack of effect of the control versus story variable.

 

  main effect of the alone versus peer group variable.

 

  absence of interaction between the two variables.

 

  increase in prejudice among participants in the story group.

 

 Question 45A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.

 

  1

 

  2

 

  3

 

  8

 

 Question 46A researcher designs an experiment in which the following variables are manipulated: temperature (low or high), illumination level (low or high), and time of testing (day or night). For a repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?

 

  10

 

  20

 

  100

 

  150

 

 Question 47A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is that

 

  only one dependent variable can be used with this design.

 

  curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected.

 

  this design is more susceptible to confounding factors than other designs.

 

  the results cannot be generalized.

 

 Question 48A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?

 

  There is an effect of gender on work experience.

 

  There is no interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.

 

  There is an interaction between gender and work experience.

 

  There is an effect of work experience on the likelihood of females being hired.

 

 Question 49A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual’s driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are ________ possible main effects and ________ possible interactions.

 

  2; 2

 

  3; 4

 

  3; 12

 

  2; 3

 

 Question 50 In a factorial design, a main effect is the

 

  effect of one independent variable at one level on another independent variable.

 

  effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables.

 

  only effect of interest.

 

  effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable.

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