08 Oct Antigenicity of an infectious agent is measured by the secondary attack rate.

Epidemiology and Biostatistics for Public Health Application 2

Antigenicity of an infectious agent is measured by the secondary attack rate.

 

True

 

False

 

Question 2Sexually transmitted diseases, influenza, and acute respiratory infections are examples of conditions transmitted directly (person-to-person).

 

True

 

False

 

Question 3Herd immunity must be 100% to confer protection to a group.

 

True

 

False

 

 Question 4When an individual comes into contact with a piece of clothing that subsequently infects him or her, that piece of clothing is a fomite, and the infection is direct.

 

   True

 

False

 

Question 5The social environment refers to the totality of behavioral, personality, attitudinal, and cultural characteristics of a group of people.

 

True

 

False

 

Question 6Someone suggests immunization as a means of reducing disease, specifically the feared UJ (uderlinger jacamoodi). What part of the disease cycle is he or she trying to affect?

 

Host

 

Fomites

 

Vector

 

Vehicle

 

Environment

 

Question 7You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Six persons experienced vomiting. The following data were collected:

 

                ATE        DID NOT EAT

 

                Number of People          Number of People

 

Food Item           Ill             Not Ill    Total      Ill             Not Ill    Total

 

Hot dogs              40           30           70           10           20           30

 

Hamburgers       32           8              40           20           40           60

 

Potato salad       45           25           70           15           25           40

 

Ice cream            48           12           60           2              38           40

 

Lemonade          20           40           60           20           20           40

 

Which food item appears to be the most probable vehicle for the salmonella (agent) infection associated with the illness?

 

Hot dogs

 

Hamburgers

 

Potato salad

 

Ice cream

 

Lemonade

 

Question 8An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea; five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The virulence of salmonellosis was:

 

13.4%.

 

47.4%.

 

28.2%.

 

7.7%.

 

3.6%.

 

Question 9An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea; five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The attack rate of salmonellosis was:

 

13.4%.

 

47.4%.

 

28.2%.

 

7.7%.

 

3.6%.

 

Question 10An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used:

 

when describing the occurrence of foodborne illness or infectious diseases.

 

when the occurrence of disease among a population at risk increases greatly over a short period of time.

 

for acute health-related events, such as acute exposures of large groups to toxic agents.

 

All are correct.

 

Question 11An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea; five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The ratio of severe cases to other clinically apparent cases was:

 

65/72.

 

65/485.

 

5/65.

 

72/485.

 

5/60.

 

Question 12Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio)?

 

Childhood hepatitis B infections

 

Human papillomavirus infections

 

Hepatitis A infections among children younger than 6 years old

 

Adult hepatitis A infections

 

Childhood hepatitis B infections, human papillomavirus infections, and hepatitis A infections among children younger than 6 years old

 

Question 13In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and b., there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (virus A in community A, and virus B in community b., both of which were traced back to a single source. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case., 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. Which virus was most pathogenic?

 

Virus A

 

Virus B

 

Both A and B were equally pathogenic.

 

None of the above

 

Question 14The attack rate is:

 

number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill / total number of persons who ate the specific food

 

total number of persons who ate a specific food / number of persons who did not become ill

 

similar to the incidence rate of a disease of short duration.

 

the same as the secular trend.

 

similar to the incidence rate of a disease of short duration as well as number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill / total number of persons who ate the specific food

 

Question 15Community A receives its water from several sources. The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be:

 

the identity of the water supply providing water to the largest proportion of cases.

 

the relationship between quantity of water consumed and the severity of attack for each individual.

 

the identity of the water supply that has the greatest opportunity for contamination during the epidemic.

 

the attack rates for disease X in those who did and did not drink from each water supply.

 

Question 16The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published an article concerning the high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. Foot fungal disease in New Orleans is best described as:

 

epidemic.

 

endemic.

 

incident.

 

pathogenic.

 

Question 17Schistosomiasis is an example of:

 

a chemical agent: carcinogen.

 

a biological agent: helminth.

 

an allergen: pollen.

 

physical energy: ionizing radiation.

 

Question 18In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and b., there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (virus A in community A, and virus B in community b., both of which were traced back to a single source. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case., 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. Which virus was most virulent?

 

Virus A

 

Virus B

 

Both A and B were equally virulent.

 

Question 19The public health officer from Long Beach complains to you about the dreaded Pacific Pox. The health officer says, “If people catch the Pox, they suddenly get the urge to dance in the sand and fall dead on the beach within the hour.” There are no survivors to interview. so you deduce:

 

   the incidence rate of the Pox must be high.

 

the prevalence of the Pox must be high.

 

the infectivity of the Pox must be high.

 

the case fatality rate of the Pox must be high.

 

All are correct.

 

Question 20Match the qualitative study type with the definition:

 

Phenomenological study

 

Ethnographic model

 

Grounded theory

 

Historical model-describes the past events in order to understand the present patterns and anticipate future choices

 

 

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