18 Jan Please have an in-depth background in Statistics Introduction You have learned lots about doing statistical analyses. It is t
Statistics Power Point Presentation – Please have an in-depth background in Statistics
Introduction
You have learned lots about doing statistical analyses. It is time to work without a net.
For the course project, you will address some questions that interest you with the statistical methodology learned in this course. You choose the question; you decide how to collect data; you do the analyses. Please select a topic that aligns with your degree, so that the knowledge that you gain is practical and helpful in your future career. The questions can address almost any topic (although I have veto power), including topics in psychology, sociology, natural science, medicine, public policy, sports, law, etc. Please see the project ideas in the course documents, if you need help. However, the data that you collect should be quantitative in nature.
The project requires you to synthesize all the material from the course. Hence, it is one of the best ways to solidify your understanding of statistical methods. Plus, you get answers to issues that pique your intellectual curiosity.
Activity Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing your research.
- Begin with very clear and well-defined hypotheses. You should think of questions that interest you first, and then worry about how to collect and analyze data to address those questions. Generally, vague topics lead to uninteresting projects.
- The most important aspects of any statistical analysis are stating questions and collecting data. Hence, to get the full experience of running your own study, the project requires you to analyze data that you collect. It is not permissible to use data sets that have been put together by others. You are permitted to collect data off the web; however, you must be the one who decides on the analyses and who puts the data set together. Keep in mind that by the end of lectures, you will have learned many inferential statistical techniques, such as hypothesis testing with t, chi square tests for goodness of fit and independence, independent and dependent t tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression. These techniques will help you address your question of interest.
- Provide an adequate description of the methods and design of the study. Report on the possible biases associated with your data collection.
- Be realistic in planning your research design: can you carry out what you have planned within a reasonable time period and investment of your own energy? The quality of the final product is what counts, not just the amount of perspiration that went into it!
- Make use of the concepts and methods learned in this course, and not just general knowledge, in planning and completing this type of project.
Presentation Format
An effective presentation communicates your project in a clear and concise fashion. The slides should address the following six points:
- Statement of the problem: Describe the questions you address and any key issues surrounding the questions.
- Data collection: Explain how you collected the data. Include the sample type, sample size, and any questions you asked. Also, include response rates.
- Analyses: Describe which inferential statistical test analysis that you did. Be ready to explain why you believe this method is justified.
- Results: Present the six step hypothesis test. Include the EXCEL printout, and any tables or graphs that support your analyses (be judicious here–too many tables and graphs hurt the clarity of your message).
- Conclusions: State your p-value and then the answer your question of interest, based upon the data that you collected.
- Discussion: What implications do your results have for the population you sampled from? What could be done to improve the study if it was done again? What types of biases might exist?
Presentation Requirements
- Length varies
- Title slide
- References slide
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Please note, this presentation should be focus on international import or merchandise if possible.
attached is the example provided by the instructor and the grading rubric
Prisoner Populations Example author
Research question:
Have prison populations increased significantly?
Hypothesis:
The prison population is growing, so the 2015 prisoner amounts will be greater than the 2000 prisoner amounts.
I can establish a need for more prison guards to be recruited and hired.
Literature review
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of
interventions to improve the health of persons during
imprisonment and in the year after release
(Kouyoumdjian, McIsaac, Liauw, Green, Karachiwalla, Siu,
…Hwang, 2015)
A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems
of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population (White,
Mulvey, Fox, & Choate, 2012)
Data collection
Data from 2000 US prison populations
and 2015 prison populations by state
Had all states and District of Columbia
represented
Used a census sample as all population
data was available
http://data.sagepub.com/sagestats/
Descriptive statistics:
Prisoners in 2015
Mean 26606.74
Standard Error 4453.26959
Median 18597.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 31489.3713
Sample Variance 991580503
Kurtosis 8.66533957
Skewness 2.70936979
Range 162159
Minimum 1750
Maximum 163909
Sum 1330337
Count 50
Prisoners in 2000
Mean 24065.2885
Standard Error 4464.09442
Median 14919
Mode 14919
Standard
Deviation 32191.0426
Sample Variance 1036263226
Kurtosis 11.3617562
Skewness 3.15629496
Range 161925
Minimum 1076
Maximum 163001
Sum 1251395
Count 52
Graphical representations
Box and Whisker plots
Methodology
Quantitative data, at the ratio level
Independent t -test (t test: two sample assuming equal variances)
Looking for a statistically significant increase in the number of prisoners
1 –tailed test due to the hypothesized increase
Results:
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 26449.69608 24065.28846
Variance 973006695.7 1036263226
Observations 51 52
Pooled Variance 1004948112
Hypothesized
Mean Difference 0
df 101
t Stat 0.381660161
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.351757613
t Critical one-tail 1.66008063
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.703515227
t Critical two-tail 1.983731003
6 step hypothesis test:
1. Ho: μ2000≥ μ 2015
Ha: μ2000< μ2015
2. α = .05
3. the one-tailed p-value = .35
4. p-value > α
5. Fail to reject the null
6. At the 5% significance level, there is not enough information to state that the population mean for 2015 is greater than the population mean for 2000.
Conclusions & Discussion
The prison population is not increasing
The mean is decreasing, but is not significantly significant
Any difference in the sample mean results may not be inferred to the population
The results show that there are individual states and/or prisons that are increasing, but the general population is at approximately the same value in the population
There is not an increased need for prison personnel in the population; politics may not have any real affect on how many people are imprisoned in the USA in any given year.
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EMERGING BASIC PROFICIENT EXCEPTIONAL
Research Question
Research question
vague and difficult to
measure.
Research question clear,
but expressed in
rudimentary form.
Clearly articulates
research question.
Fully and eloquently
articulates research
question and why it is
important.
Sampling
Misidentifies sampling
procedures.
Correctly identifies
sampling procedures
used.
Explains sampling
procedures
completely. Uses
appropriate sampling
procedure.
Clearly explains
sampling procedures
and provides reasons
for appropriateness of
sampling procedures .
Statistical
Methods
Statistical methods
inappropriate for the
research question.
Statistical methods
appropriate for
research question, but
no explanation is
given.
Statistical methods
appropriate for
research question and
partial explanations for
validity given.
Statistical methods
appropriate for
research question and
articulate explanations
for validity given.
Discussion of Results
Statement vague and
confusing.
Results clear, but not
well stated.
Results clearly stated.
Results clearly stated,
with full explanations of
their practical
significance included in
the discussion.
Representations
(equations, diagrams,
graphs, t a b l e s , e t c .)
Representations are
inappropriate or unclear.
Representations clear
and appropriate, but no
explanations are made
of significant elements.
Representations are
clear and appropriate,
with explanations of
significant elements.
Representations are clear
and appropriate, with
explanations of
significant elements.
Clearly explains
connections among
representations.
Limitations
No consideration of
biases or suggestions for
improvement.
Only one of the following
included: consideration
of: biases; suggestions
for improvement
Includes both
consideration of biases
and suggestions for
improvement.
Eloquent discussion of
biases and suggestions
for improvement.
Professionalism
Unprofessional look and
quality.
Professional look and
quality, with major
flaws.
Professional look and
quality, with minor
flaws.
Very professional look
and quality.
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