01 Oct Cognitive Psychology Inductive reasoning:

Cognitive Psychology

Inductive reasoning:

 

  involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule.

 

  leads to a certain conclusion.

 

  involves using premises to justify a conclusion.

 

  is often associated with a bias to avoid confirming evidence.

 

 Question 2According to the mere effort

 

account of the stereotype threat effect, invoking a stereotype:

 

  disrupts cognitive performance in all circumstances.

 

  pushes people away from their prepotent response, disrupting performance.

 

  pushes people toward their prepotent response, which can enhance performance under some circumstances.

 

  pushes people toward their prepotent response when it’s inappropriate, and away from it it when it’s appropriate.

 

 Question 3 Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being

 

faced is termed:

 

  an algorithm.

 

  reasoning by analogy.

 

  means-end analysis.

 

  working backwards.

 

 Question 4“Correct specification of the problem space” would be the way in which the General Problem Solver framework describes:

 

  functional fixedness.

 

  creativity.

 

  problem representation.

 

  problem solution.

 

 Question 5Which of the following is NOT generally considered to be a component of a problem?

 

  a goal

 

  a reward

 

  a set of constraints

 

  a set of obstacles to overcome

 

 Question 6If you want someone to be willing to take a risk, you can make it more likely by:

 

  telling them what they stand to gain if they don’t take the risk.

 

  telling them what they stand to lose if they don’t take the risk.

 

  pitting the risk against a sure gain.

 

  doing nothing special; risk-taking is people’s “default mode.”

 

 Question 7The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves updating the strengths of one’s beliefs based on the recall of specific instances.

 

  experience based

 

  rule-based

 

  categorization

 

  confirmatory

 

 Question 8According to the Gestalt psychologists, the sudden and successful restructuring of problem elements is termed:

 

  the law of effect.

 

  subgoal analysis.

 

  insight.

 

  problem space restructuring.

 

 Question 9According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and decision making, which mode of thinking

 

operates relatively slowly, deliberately and in a controlled manner?

 

  heuristic mode

 

  rational mode

 

  bounded mode

 

  analytic mode

 

 Question 10“All toads are animals. All men are animals. Therefore, all men are toads.” Many would evaluate this as a valid syllogism, due to its ALL ALL ALL form. This is because:

 

  of belief bias.

 

  people have trouble reasoning about familiar objects.

 

  people have more trouble with universal quantifiers (e.g., ALL) than with particular ones (e.g., SOME).

 

  of an atmosphere effect.

 

 Question 11Which approach to problem solving attempts to minimize the “distance” between an initial state and a goal state by breaking the problem down into a series of subgoals?

 

  Gestalt approach

 

  Behaviorist approach

 

  GPS approach

 

  Structuralist approach

 

 Question 12Coincidences are extremely striking, and often lead people to believe in ________. The ease with which we think of coincidences makes them important players in the ______ heuristic.

 

  illusory correlations; availability

 

  illusory correlations; representativeness

 

  stereotypes; availability

 

  stereotypes; representativeness

 

 Question 13People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments. For example, they assume anyone over 6’6” must have played a lot of basketball, even thought the majority of individuals have not played much basketball. This is a prime example of:

 

  regression to the mean.

 

  the availability heuristic.

 

  the representativeness heuristic.

 

  anchoring and adjustment.

 

 Question 14Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:

 

  the representativeness heuristic.

 

  simulation.

 

  the availability heuristic.

 

  anchoring and adjustment.

 

 Question 15Which of the following is NOT one the three sources of difficulty in solving insight problems according to Kershaw and Ohlsson?

 

  Perceptual factors

 

  Experience factors

 

  Process factors

 

  Knowledge factors

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