14 Aug Chapter 16: Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and Logistics GENERAL CONCEPT QUE

Chapter
16: Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and Logistics

GENERAL
CONCEPT QUESTIONS

Multiple
Choice

1. Intermediaries include retailers, ________,
and logistical organizations.
a. Internet companies
b. wholesalers
c. competitors
d. box stores
e. none of the above

2. Some intermediaries use strategic planning,
advanced information systems, sophisticated marketing tools, measure
performance on a return-on-investment basis, segment their markets, improve
their target marketing and positioning, and ________.
a. contend with dwindling customer bases
b. aggressively squeeze manufacturer margins

c. aggressively pursue takeover strategies
d. dominant the manufacturers they do business
with
e. aggressively pursue market expansion and
diversification strategies

3. ________ is the cornerstone of all discount
operations.
a. Self-service
b. Self-selection
c. Limited service
d. Full service
e. Custom service

4. Major retailer types include the following EXCEPT ________.
a. specialty store
b. discount store
c. catalog showroom
d. the Internet
e. superstore

5. High staffing costs, along with a higher
proportion of specialty goods and slower-moving items and many services, result
in the high cost structure of ________ retailing.
a. self-service
b. self-selection
c. limited service
d. full service
e. custom service
:

6. Retailers can position themselves as
offering one of four service levels. Which of the following is NOTone of these levels?
a. Self-selection
b. Self-service
c. Limited service
d. Direct service
e. Full service

7. Nonstore retailing falls into four major
categories. Which of the following is NOTone of the four nonstore
retailing categories?
a. Buying service
b. Internet sales
c. Automatic vending
d. Direct marketing
e. Direct se

8. A ________ is a storeless retailer serving
a specific clienteleusually employees of large organizationswho are
authorized to buy from a list of retailers that have agreed to give discounts
in return for inclusion on the list.
a. direct-selling vendor
b. direct marketing vendor
c. buying service
d. automatic vendor
e. corporate retailer

9. One of the advantages of corporate retailing
is that corporate retail organizations achieve economies of scale, greater
purchasing power, and ________.
a. wider brand recognition
b. more locations
c. branded merchandise
d. fresh merchandise
e. more advertising

10. An independent retailer using a central
buying organization and joint promotion efforts is known as a ________.
a. corporate chain store
b. voluntary chain
c. retailer cooperative
d. merchandising conglomerate
e. franchise organization

11. In a franchising system, individual
franchisees are ________.
a. a tightly knit group of enterprises whose
systematic operations are planned, directed, and controlled by the franchisor
b. regional managers of corporately owned
facilities
c. employees working in front-line service
roles for the entrepreneur
d. independent businesspeople who have the
freedom to develop their own processes, brands, and images, facilitated by a
retailing cooperative
e. none of the above

12. Franchising accounts for more than $1
trillion of annual U.S.
sales and nearly one-third of all retail transactions. Franchises are
distinguished by three characteristics, which are: (1) The franchisee pays for
the right to be part of the system: (2) the franchisor provides its franchisees
with a system for doing business; and (3) ________.
a. the franchisor controls all actions of the
franchisee including hiring and marketing decisions
b. the franchisee has unlimited freedom to
change the operation once he/she pays the upfront charges
c. the franchisor owns a trade or service mark
and licenses it to franchisees in return for royalty payments
d. the franchisor receives a percentage of
sales from the franchisee for the right to belong
e. none of the above

13. In the face of increased competition from
discount houses and specialty stores, department stores are waging a comeback
war. Two models for department stores success seems to be emerging. The first
is a store that has a strong retail brand approach, as demonstrated by Kohls
in the United States.
The second model is the ________, typified by Galeries Lafayette in Paris.
a. tourist area store
b. single brand store
c. limited variety store
d. specialty store
e. showcase store

14. Recent trends in retailing includes which
of the following?
a. Reduction in the level of global
competition
b. Decline in the shop at home markets
c. Growth of the smaller boutique-type
stores
d. Competition between Internet selling and
store-based retailing
e. Competition between store-based and
non-store-based retailing

15. Retailers must make marketing decisions in
the areas of product assortment and procurement, services and store atmosphere,
prices, communications, locations, and ________.
a. niche
b. style
c. shoppers
d. target market
e. procedures

16. The retailer must decide on
product-assortment breadth and ________.
a. store location
b. layout
c. prices
d. selection
e. depth

17. After deciding on the product-assortment
strategy, the retailer must establish merchandise sources, ________, and
practices.
a. vendors
b. suppliers
c. lead times
d. policies
e. buyers

18. The first step to retail category
management is to ________, which means
deciding where to draw the line between product categories.
a. set goals
b. choose the audience
c. figure out tactics
d. define the category
e. figure out the categorys role

19. Retailers are rapidly improving their
skills in demand forecasting, merchandise selection, stock control, space
allocation, and ________.
a. advertising
b. display
c. choosing the media mix
d. selecting the marketing channels
e. none of the above

20. According to A.C. Nielsen Company, when
considering whether to stock a new product, store mangers are most influenced
by ________.
a. generous financial incentives to the trade
b. a well-designed advertising and sales
promotion plan
c. attractive packaging that will catch
consumers attention
d. strong evidence of customer acceptance
e. none of the above

21. When retailers study the economics of
buying and selling individual products, they typically find that ________ of
their square footage is tied up in products that dont make an economic profit
for them.
a. half
b. a quarter
c. almost all
d. none
e. a third

22. ________ measures a products handling
costs from the time the product reaches the warehouse until a customer buys it
in the retail store.
a. Brand management
b. Shelf management
c. Profitability analysis
d. Direct product profitability analysis
e. Direct product performance analysis

23. The three elements of the services mix for
retailers includes ________.
a. target marketing
b. breath and depth
c. transition zone
d. direct product profitability
e. ancillary services

24. Most retailers will put low prices on some
items to serve as traffic builders or _____________.
a. loss leaders
b. profit leaders
c. traffic leaders
d. ad items
e. none of the above

25. Fine specialty retailers most
likely fall into the ________ group with respect to margins and volume.
a. mixed markup, high-volume
b. low-volume, mixed markup
c. low-volume, low-markup
d. high-volume, high-markup
e. high-markup, lower-volume

26. ________ is(are) a key positioning
factor for retailers and must be decided in relation to the target market, the
product-and-service assortment mix, and the competition.
a. Hours of operation
b. Advertisement
c. Locations
d. Prices
e. Assortment

27. Every store has a look and a physical
layout that makes it hard or easy to move around. These elements constitute a
stores ________.
a. layout
b. transition zone
c. atmosphere
d. brands
e. none of the above

28. In the pursuit of higher sales volume, retailers
are studying their store environments for ways to improve the shoppers
experience. According to Paco
Underhill, one of his
suggestions for fine-tuning retail space is to ________.
a. make the store fun and interesting but
move the shoppers through it quickly
b. honor the transition zone and allow the
shopper time to sort out the stimuli
c. place the checkouts in the rear of the
store
d. make the store more receptive to men
shoppers
e. make them hunt for it

29. Traditional brick-and-mortar
retailers are responding to the growth of e-commerce by providing and
emphasizing ________ as a strong
differentiator.
a.
celebrities on the premises
b. the shopping experience
c. expert advice in selecting merchandise
d. a wider selection of merchandise
e. the reputation of the retailer

30. Retailers can locate their stores in the
central business district, a regional shopping center, ________, a shopping strip, or within a
larger store.
a. suburbia
b. town centers
c. strip malls
d. a freestanding location
e. a community shopping center

31. Retailers can assess a particular stores
sales effectiveness by looking at (1) the number of people passing by on an
average day; (2) the _________; (3) the percentage of those entering who buy;
and (4) the average amount spent per sale.
a. percentage of customers who bought
merchandise on sale
b. total units sold per day
c. total dollar sales per day
d. percentage of those who buy full-price
merchandise
e. percentage who enter the store

32. A brand developed by a retailer and/or
wholesaler that is available only in selected retail outlets is called a
_________ brand.
a. national
b. household
c. premium
d. selective
e. private-label

33. Intermediaries sponsor their own brands
because ________.
a. private-label brands sell at higher volumes
b. private-label brands are recognizable to
the consumer as being widely available from many different retailers
c. private-label brands are always of better
quality than national brands
d. private-label brands can be sold at lower
prices yet generate a higher profit margin because of their lower cost structure
e. all of the above

________ are unbranded, plainly packaged, less expensive versions of common
products such as spaghetti, paper towels, and canned peaches.
f. Slotting fees
g. National products
h. Generics
i.
Private
labels
j.
Shopping
strips

34. Because shelf space is scarce, many
supermarkets now charge a ________ for accepting a new brand, to cover the cost
of listing and stocking it.
a. generic
b. slotting fee
c. shopping strip
d. promotion allowance
e. none of the above

35. Besides the growing power of store brands,
other factors weakening national brands include the fact that ________.
a. national brands quality is superior to
store brands
b. national manufacturers have increased
advertising support for their brands
c. national brands have quality control
problems not found in store brands
d. consumers are more price sensitive
e. consumers are more selective on purchases
of national brands

36. The functions that wholesalers
perform include all of the following EXCEPT
________.
a. bulk breaking
b. buying and assortment building
c. financing
d. producing
e. market information

37. ________ refers to buying large carload
lots and dividing them into smaller units before shipping them out to
consumers.
a. Bulk breaking
b. Containerization
c. Wholesaling
d. Warehousing
e. Market logistics
Distributors differ from retailers in a number of ways. One of these ways is that distributor
transactions are usually ________ than retail transactions.
f. more concise
g. larger
h. more complicated
i.
more
involved
j.
more
limi

38. Major wholesaler types include all of the
following EXCEPT ________.
a. full-service wholesalers
b. specialized wholesalers
c. cash and carry wholesalers
d. merchant wholesalers
e. direct-to-consumer wholesalers

39. ________ are independently owned businesses
that take title to the merchandise they handle.
They are full-service and limited-service jobbers, distributors, and
mill supply houses.
a. Brokers
b. Agents
c. Merchant wholesalers
d. Specialized wholesalers
e. Retailers branches

40. Wholesaler-distributors have faced mounting
pressure in recent years. They have had to develop appropriate strategic responses.
One major drive has been to increase ________ productivity by managing their
inventories and receivables better.
a. product assortment
b. buying practices
c. personnel

d. asset

e. products

41. Supply chain management (SCM) starts before
physical distribution. It involves procuring the right inputs, _____ them
efficiently into finished products, and then distributing them to the right
customers.
a. using
b. converting

c. delivering
d. labeling

e. procuring

________ involves planning the infrastructure to meet demand, then implementing
and controlling the physical flows of materials and final goods from points of
origin to points of use, to meet customer requirements at a profit.
f. Market logistics
g. Supply chain management
h. SCM
i.
Integrated
logistics systems
j.
None of
the above

42. Integrated logistics systems (ILS) involves
materials management, ________, and physical distribution, aided by information
technology.
a. information flow systems
b. material flow systems
c. cash flow systems
d. product management systems
e. none of the above

43. Maximum customer service implies
larger inventories, premium transportation, and multiple warehouses, all of
which raise market-logistics costs. Market-logistics costs interact with
marketing strategy and are often ________ related.
a. disproportionately
b. positively

c. negatively
d. complementarily
e. none of the above

44. When considering competitors service
standards, companies normally want to match or exceed the competitors service
level while simultaneously maximizing ________.
a. profit
b. revenue
c. sales
d. costs
e. all of the above

45. Four major decisions must be made with
regard to market logistics: order processing, warehousing, inventory, and
________.
a. transportation
b. purchases
c. pricing
d. information
e. none of the above

46. The elapsed time between an orders receipt,
delivery, and payment is called the ________.
a. variable-costs-to-payment cycle
b. product-to-payment cycle
c. inventory-to-sale cycle
d. order cycle
e. order-to-payment cycle

47. ________ cost increases at an
accelerating rate as the customer-service level approaches 100%.
a. Delivery

b. Promotion

c. Inventory

d. Merchandising
e. Storage

48. At some stock level point, management must
reorder product to refill the inventory to an acceptable level. This point is
called the ________.
a. order (reorder) point
b. inventory
c. minimum inventory level
d. inventory carrying costs
e. none of the above

49. ________ warehouses store goods for
moderate to long periods of time.
a. Distribution
b. Automated

c. Storage
d. Company-owned
e. Local
:

50. Inventory-carrying costs represent
substantial dollars for manufacturers. These inventory-carrying costs include
storage charges, cost of capital, taxes and insurance, and depreciation and
obsolescence. Carrying costs might run as high as ________ of the value of the
inventory.
a. 70%
b. 40%
c. 25%
d. 30%
e. 50%

Chapter
16: Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and LogisticsGENERAL
CONCEPT QUESTIONSMultiple
Choice 1. Intermediaries include retailers, ________,
and logistical organizations. a. Internet companies b. wholesalers c. competitors d. box storese. none of the above 2. Some intermediaries use strategic planning,
advanced information systems, sophisticated marketing tools, measure
performance on a return-on-investment basis, segment their markets, improve
their target marketing and positioning, and ________. a. contend with dwindling customer bases b. aggressively squeeze manufacturer margins
c. aggressively pursue takeover strategiesd. dominant the manufacturers they do business
with e. aggressively pursue market expansion and
diversification strategies3. ________ is the cornerstone of all discount
operations.a. Self-serviceb. Self-selectionc. Limited serviced. Full servicee. Custom service4. Major retailer types include the following EXCEPT ________. a. specialty store b. discount storec. catalog showroomd. the Internete. superstore5. High staffing costs, along with a higher
proportion of specialty goods and slower-moving items and many services, result
in the high cost structure of ________ retailing.a. self-serviceb. self-selectionc. limited serviced. full servicee. custom service: 6. Retailers can position themselves as
offering one of four service levels. Which of the following is NOTone of these levels? a. Self-selection b. Self-service c. Limited service d. Direct service e. Full service 7. Nonstore retailing falls into four major
categories. Which of the following is NOTone of the four nonstore
retailing categories? a. Buying service b. Internet sales c. Automatic vending d. Direct marketing e. Direct se 8. A ________ is a storeless retailer serving
a specific clienteleusually employees of large organizationswho are
authorized to buy from a list of retailers that have agreed to give discounts
in return for inclusion on the list.a. direct-selling vendorb. direct marketing vendorc. buying serviced. automatic vendore. corporate retailer9. One of the advantages of corporate retailing
is that corporate retail organizations achieve economies of scale, greater
purchasing power, and ________. a. wider brand recognition b. more locationsc. branded merchandised. fresh merchandisee. more advertising 10. An independent retailer using a central
buying organization and joint promotion efforts is known as a ________. a. corporate chain storeb. voluntary chainc. retailer cooperative d. merchandising conglomeratee. franchise organization 11. In a franchising system, individual
franchisees are ________.a. a tightly knit group of enterprises whose
systematic operations are planned, directed, and controlled by the franchisorb. regional managers of corporately owned
facilitiesc. employees working in front-line service
roles for the entrepreneurd. independent businesspeople who have the
freedom to develop their own processes, brands, and images, facilitated by a
retailing cooperativee. none of the above 12. Franchising accounts for more than $1
trillion of annual U.S.
sales and nearly one-third of all retail transactions. Franchises are
distinguished by three characteristics, which are: (1) The franchisee pays for
the right to be part of the system: (2) the franchisor provides its franchisees
with a system for doing business; and (3) ________. a. the franchisor controls all actions of the
franchisee including hiring and marketing decisionsb. the franchisee has unlimited freedom to
change the operation once he/she pays the upfront chargesc. the franchisor owns a trade or service mark
and licenses it to franchisees in return for royalty paymentsd. the franchisor receives a percentage of
sales from the franchisee for the right to belong e. none of the above 13. In the face of increased competition from
discount houses and specialty stores, department stores are waging a comeback
war. Two models for department stores success seems to be emerging. The first
is a store that has a strong retail brand approach, as demonstrated by Kohls
in the United States.
The second model is the ________, typified by Galeries Lafayette in Paris. a. tourist area storeb. single brand store c. limited variety store d. specialty storee. showcase store 14. Recent trends in retailing includes which
of the following? a. Reduction in the level of global
competitionb. Decline in the shop at home marketsc. Growth of the smaller boutique-type
storesd. Competition between Internet selling and
store-based retailing e. Competition between store-based and
non-store-based retailing 15. Retailers must make marketing decisions in
the areas of product assortment and procurement, services and store atmosphere,
prices, communications, locations, and ________. a. niche b. style c. shoppers d. target market e. procedures
16. The retailer must decide on
product-assortment breadth and ________. a. store location b. layout c. pricesd. selection e. depth 17. After deciding on the product-assortment
strategy, the retailer must establish merchandise sources, ________, and
practices. a. vendors b. suppliersc. lead timesd. policies e. buyers
18. The first step to retail category
management is to ________, which means
deciding where to draw the line between product categories.a. set goalsb. choose the audiencec. figure out tacticsd. define the categorye. figure out the categorys role 19. Retailers are rapidly improving their
skills in demand forecasting, merchandise selection, stock control, space
allocation, and ________. a. advertising b. displayc. choosing the media mixd. selecting the marketing channels e. none of the above 20. According to A.C. Nielsen Company, when
considering whether to stock a new product, store mangers are most influenced
by ________.a. generous financial incentives to the tradeb. a well-designed advertising and sales
promotion planc. attractive packaging that will catch
consumers attentiond. strong evidence of customer acceptancee. none of the above 21. When retailers study the economics of
buying and selling individual products, they typically find that ________ of
their square footage is tied up in products that dont make an economic profit
for them.a. halfb. a quarterc. almost alld. nonee. a third22. ________ measures a products handling
costs from the time the product reaches the warehouse until a customer buys it
in the retail store. a. Brand management b. Shelf management c. Profitability analysisd. Direct product profitability analysise. Direct product performance analysis 23. The three elements of the services mix for
retailers includes ________.a. target marketing b. breath and depth c. transition zone d. direct product profitability e. ancillary services 24. Most retailers will put low prices on some
items to serve as traffic builders or _____________. a. loss leadersb. profit leadersc. traffic leadersd. ad itemse. none of the above 25. Fine specialty retailers most
likely fall into the ________ group with respect to margins and volume. a. mixed markup, high-volume b. low-volume, mixed markupc. low-volume, low-markupd. high-volume, high-markupe. high-markup, lower-volume 26. ________ is(are) a key positioning
factor for retailers and must be decided in relation to the target market, the
product-and-service assortment mix, and the competition. a. Hours of operation b. Advertisementc. Locationsd. Prices e. Assortment 27. Every store has a look and a physical
layout that makes it hard or easy to move around. These elements constitute a
stores ________.a. layout b. transition zone c. atmosphered. brandse. none of the above 28. In the pursuit of higher sales volume, retailers
are studying their store environments for ways to improve the shoppers
experience. According to Paco
Underhill, one of his
suggestions for fine-tuning retail space is to ________. a. make the store fun and interesting but
move the shoppers through it quickly b. honor the transition zone and allow the
shopper time to sort out the stimuli c. place the checkouts in the rear of the
stored. make the store more receptive to men
shoppers e. make them hunt for it 29. Traditional brick-and-mortar
retailers are responding to the growth of e-commerce by providing and
emphasizing ________ as a strong
differentiator. a.
celebrities on the premisesb. the shopping experience c. expert advice in selecting merchandised. a wider selection of merchandisee. the reputation of the retailer 30. Retailers can locate their stores in the
central business district, a regional shopping center, ________, a shopping strip, or within a
larger store. a. suburbia b. town centersc. strip mallsd. a freestanding locatione. a community shopping center 31. Retailers can assess a particular stores
sales effectiveness by looking at (1) the number of people passing by on an
average day; (2) the _________; (3) the percentage of those entering who buy;
and (4) the average amount spent per sale. a. percentage of customers who bought
merchandise on saleb. total units sold per day c. total dollar sales per day d. percentage of those who buy full-price
merchandise e. percentage who enter the store 32. A brand developed by a retailer and/or
wholesaler that is available only in selected retail outlets is called a
_________ brand. a. national b. householdc. premiumd. selective e. private-label 33. Intermediaries sponsor their own brands
because ________.a. private-label brands sell at higher volumesb. private-label brands are recognizable to
the consumer as being widely available from many different retailersc. private-label brands are always of better
quality than national brandsd. private-label brands can be sold at lower
prices yet generate a higher profit margin because of their lower cost structuree. all of the above
________ are unbranded, plainly packaged, less expensive versions of common
products such as spaghetti, paper towels, and canned peaches.f. Slotting feesg. National productsh. Genericsi.
Private
labelsj.
Shopping
strips 34. Because shelf space is scarce, many
supermarkets now charge a ________ for accepting a new brand, to cover the cost
of listing and stocking it.a. genericb. slotting feec. shopping stripd. promotion allowancee. none of the above 35. Besides the growing power of store brands,
other factors weakening national brands include the fact that ________. a. national brands quality is superior to
store brands b. national manufacturers have increased
advertising support for their brandsc. national brands have quality control
problems not found in store brandsd. consumers are more price sensitive e. consumers are more selective on purchases
of national brands 36. The functions that wholesalers
perform include all of the following EXCEPT
________.a. bulk breakingb. buying and assortment buildingc. financingd. producing e. market information 37. ________ refers to buying large carload
lots and dividing them into smaller units before shipping them out to
consumers.a. Bulk breakingb. Containerizationc. Wholesalingd. Warehousinge. Market logistics
Distributors differ from retailers in a number of ways. One of these ways is that distributor
transactions are usually ________ than retail transactions. f. more concise g. largerh. more complicatedi.
more
involvedj.
more
limi 38. Major wholesaler types include all of the
following EXCEPT ________.a. full-service wholesalersb. specialized wholesalersc. cash and carry wholesalersd. merchant wholesalerse. direct-to-consumer wholesalers 39. ________ are independently owned businesses
that take title to the merchandise they handle.
They are full-service and limited-service jobbers, distributors, and
mill supply houses.a. Brokersb. Agentsc. Merchant wholesalersd. Specialized wholesalerse. Retailers branches 40. Wholesaler-distributors have faced mounting
pressure in recent years. They have had to develop appropriate strategic responses.
One major drive has been to increase ________ productivity by managing their
inventories and receivables better. a. product assortment b. buying practices c. personnel
d. asset
e. products 41. Supply chain management (SCM) starts before
physical distribution. It involves procuring the right inputs, _____ them
efficiently into finished products, and then distributing them to the right
customers. a. using b. converting
c. delivering d. labeling
e. procuring
________ involves planning the infrastructure to meet demand, then implementing
and controlling the physical flows of materials and final goods from points of
origin to points of use, to meet customer requirements at a profit. f. Market logisticsg. Supply chain management h. SCM i.
Integrated
logistics systemsj.
None of
the above 42. Integrated logistics systems (ILS) involves
materials management, ________, and physical distribution, aided by information
technology. a. information flow systemsb. material flow systems c. cash flow systemsd. product management systemse. none of the above 43. Maximum customer service implies
larger inventories, premium transportation, and multiple warehouses, all of
which raise market-logistics costs. Market-logistics costs interact with
marketing strategy and are often ________ related. a. disproportionatelyb. positively
c. negatively d. complementarily e. none of the above 44. When considering competitors service
standards, companies normally want to match or exceed the competitors service
level while simultaneously maximizing ________.a. profitb. revenuec. salesd. costse. all of the above45. Four major decisions must be made with
regard to market logistics: order processing, warehousing, inventory, and
________.a. transportation b. purchasesc. pricingd. information e. none of the above 46. The elapsed time between an orders receipt,
delivery, and payment is called the ________. a. variable-costs-to-payment cycle b. product-to-payment cyclec. inventory-to-sale cycled. order cycle e. order-to-payment cycle 47. ________ cost increases at an
accelerating rate as the customer-service level approaches 100%. a. Delivery
b. Promotion
c. Inventory
d. Merchandising e. Storage48. At some stock level point, management must
reorder product to refill the inventory to an acceptable level. This point is
called the ________. a. order (reorder) point b. inventory c. minimum inventory level d. inventory carrying costs e. none of the above 49. ________ warehouses store goods for
moderate to long periods of time. a. Distribution b. Automated
c. Storaged. Company-ownede. Local : 50. Inventory-carrying costs represent
substantial dollars for manufacturers. These inventory-carrying costs include
storage charges, cost of capital, taxes and insurance, and depreciation and
obsolescence. Carrying costs might run as high as ________ of the value of the
inventory. a. 70% b. 40% c. 25% d. 30% e. 50%

Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.