08 Oct Alfred and Frida are movie reviewers for a local newspaper. After watching the same movie, they both rate 5 stars for the movie.

Alfred and Frida are movie reviewers for a local newspaper. After watching the same movie, they both rate 5 stars for the movie. Based on their ratings, it can be concluded that there is

 

  high test-retest reliability.

 

  high interrater reliability.

 

  low reactivity.

 

  low convergent validity.

 

 

 

Question 2

 

 

 

To find out the most popular health drinks among consumers, a researcher indirectly measures the frequency at which a supermarket purchases a particular health drink, doing so in a way that customers are unaware of the researcher’s presence. The measurement is based on the idea that the most popular health drinks are the ones more frequently bought by the supermarket. In this context, the researcher is using a(n) ________ measure to reduce reactivity.

 

  nominal

 

  concurrent

 

  divergent

 

  unobtrusive

 

 

 

Question 3

 

Janice is interested in knowing how extraversion affects an individual’s behavior in different situations. She develops a test to measure an individual’s extraversion in novel situations. Items on the test constitute all possible constructs that define and determine all the variables associated with extraversion. In this case, the test most likely has

 

  concurrent validity.

 

  interrater reliability.

 

  alternate forms reliability.

 

  content validity.

 

 

 

Question 4

 

 

 

Which statement accurately differentiates face validity and discriminant validity?

 

 

 

  In face validity, the content of the measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure, whereas in discriminant validity, the measure is not related to variables with which it should not be related.

 

  In face validity, scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured at a future time, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time concurrently.

 

  In face validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct, whereas in discriminant validity, the content of the measure is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct.

 

  In face validity, scores on the measure have no correlation with the construct, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of a different construct.

 

 

 

Question 5

 

 

 

For a measure of intelligence to be reliable, it must contain relatively low

 

  validity.

 

  coefficient.

 

  true score.

 

 

 

  measurement error.

 

 

 

Question 6

 

 

 

In the context of the reliability of a measure, a test containing high ________ is associated with greater variability.

 

  true score

 

 

 

  measurement error

 

  reliability

 

  validity

 

 

 

Question 7

 

 

 

In the context of variables and measurement scales, categorizing automobiles as American-made or foreign-made is an example of the use of a(n) ________ scale.

 

  ratio

 

  ordinal

 

  interval

 

 

 

  nominal

 

 

 

Question 8

 

 

 

Rudolph, a cognitive psychologist, is interested in knowing how well people can handle their emotions. He conducts a test to measure an individual’s emotional intelligence. The results of the test indicate the scores of emotional intelligence do not have any relationship with conceptually unrelated variables such as the ability of being ambidextrous. Which of the following statements is true about the test?

 

  The test has high alternate forms reliability.

 

  The test has low face validity.

 

  The test has interrater reliability.

 

 

 

  The test has discriminant validity.

 

 

 

Question 9

 

 

 

A human resources manager believes that people whose job currently requires converting values from the standard system to the metric system will have higher math test scores than people who do not have to make these conversions. The human resources manager would be most concerned with

 

  face validity.

 

  general validity.

 

  divergent validity.

 

 

 

  concurrent validity.

 

 

 

Question 10

 

 

 

A measure is said to be ________ if the awareness of being measured changes an individual’s behavior.

 

  convergent

 

 

 

  reactive

 

  concurrent

 

  reliable

 

 

 

Question 11

 

 

 

A researcher has developed a measure of a person’s ability to detect colors. He finds the measure is not related to a person’s spelling ability, which is an unrelated construct. This finding is an example of

 

  convergent validity.

 

 

 

  discriminant validity.

 

  face validity.

 

  concurrent validity.

 

 

 

Question 12

 

 

 

The reactivity of a measure can be reduced by

 

  evaluating a participant rapidly.

 

 

 

  allowing participants to get accustomed to being observed.

 

  devising lengthy measures that require a long time for evaluation.

 

  recording variables directly.

 

 

 

Question 13

 

 

 

A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She rates 4 stars for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 for poor. In the context of scales of measurement, this is an example of a(n) ________ scale.

 

  nominal

 

 

 

  ordinal

 

  interval

 

  ratio

 

 

 

Question 14

 

 

 

A researcher conducts an experiment to establish a relationship between a chess player’s mental stability and her performance in a game. He finds that the two have a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value of +1.00. This means the two variables—mental stability and performance—have a ________ relationship.

 

  negative linear

 

  curvilinear

 

  nonlinear

 

 

 

  positive linear

 

 

 

Question 15

 

 

 

The value of Cronbach’s alpha is based on an average of

 

  the values obtained for test-retest and reactivity scores.

 

 

 

  all inter-item correlation coefficients and the number of items in the measure.

 

  all items of the tests given to different individuals.

 

  the correlation between scores on a shortened version and a longer version of a measure.

 

 

 

Question 16

 

 

 

Which of the following is true of systematic observation?

 

  It is more effective than field observation when studying organisms in a natural environment.

 

Correct Answer

 

  It is much less global than naturalistic observation research.

 

You Answered

 

  It is ineffective in studying well-defined hypotheses under specified conditions.

 

  It includes descriptions of observations but excludes statistical summaries of observations.

 

 

 

Question 17

 

 

 

A major difference between systematic observation and naturalistic observation is that systematic observation

 

  studies behavior in a natural setting, whereas naturalistic observation does not.

 

  employs concealed observation, whereas naturalistic observation employs nonconcealed observation.

 

 

 

  involves the observation of specific behaviors in specific settings, unlike naturalistic observation, which involves observation of even unspecified behaviors.

 

  is much more global than naturalistic observation research.

 

 

 

Question 18

 

 

 

When Mrs. Gonzalez asks elementary school children to indicate the number of books they had borrowed from the school library during the past month, what type of observational method is she using?

 

  questionable

 

  experimental

 

  qualitative

 

 

 

  quantitative

 

 

 

Question 19

 

 

 

The data in naturalistic observation studies are primarily ________ in nature.

 

  quantitative

 

 

 

  qualitative

 

  disruptive

 

  objective

 

 

 

Question 20

 

 

 

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods of describing behavior?

 

 

 

  Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings, whereas quantitative research focuses on specific behaviors that can be easily counted.

 

  Quantitative research emphasizes collecting information from a few individuals, whereas qualitative research emphasizes collecting data from a higher number of individuals.

 

  Quantitative research draws conclusions based on interpretations of the investigator, whereas conclusions in qualitative research are based upon statistical analysis of data.

 

  Quantitative research focuses on people describing their world in their own words, whereas qualitative research focuses on people describing their experiences under experimental conditions.

 

 

 

Question 21

 

 

 

A researcher codes a specific list of nonverbal behaviors of married couples in her office while they are discussing child-rearing methods. The method of study used in this scenario is

 

  naturalistic observation.

 

 

 

  systematic observation.

 

  survey.

 

  an experiment.

 

 

 

Question 22

 

 

 

A researcher wants to understand if people’s age and religious affiliations are related to political conservatism. To do so, he analyzes data available on the Inter University Consortium for Political and Social Research. In this case, which type of research approach is employed by the researcher?

 

  case study

 

  field experiment

 

 

 

  survey archive

 

  participant observation

 

 

 

Question 23

 

 

 

A researcher tries to understand the aggressive driving behaviors of drivers by observing specific honking patterns and hand gestures displayed by those drivers and then quantifying each of those behaviors. This is an example of ________ observation.

 

  concealed

 

 

 

  systematic

 

  qualitative

 

  archival

 

 

 

Question 24

 

 

 

Anastasia is interested in studying the parental behaviors displayed by sea turtles. She spends three months scuba diving off the Mexican coast, observing and recording the range of behaviors the sea turtles display. This research method can be categorized as

 

  content analysis.

 

 

 

  naturalistic observation.

 

  archival research.

 

  experimental analysis.

 

 

 

Question 25

 

 

 

________ observation is sometimes called field work or simply field observation.

 

  Systematic

 

  Experimental

 

  Archival

 

 

 

  Naturalistic

 

 

 

Question 26

 

 

 

What is true of archival data?

 

 

 

  Archival data are a valuable supplement to more traditional data collection methods.

 

  Archival data provide the most accurate information for researchers.

 

  The use of archival data does not allow researchers to study interesting questions.

 

  The advantage of archival data is that the desired records can be easily obtained.

 

 

 

Question 27

 

 

 

A film director wants to know how well his new movie has been received by the general public. He analyzes the comments made on Twitter, online news articles, blogs, and other Internet forums about his movie. Which of the following is a type of archival research source used by the film director?

 

  survey archives

 

 

 

  mass communication records

 

  statistical records

 

  self-reports

 

 

 

Question 28

 

 

 

Dr. Michael examines the messages displayed on Internet bulletin boards in order to study whether males and females differ in the way they describe themselves when interacting with others. What type of archival research data is Dr. Michael using?

 

  statistical records

 

  survey archives

 

 

 

  written records

 

  video observation

 

 

 

Question 29

 

 

 

In a systematic observation study, two different people use the same coding system to analyze the same videotape. The level of agreement between the two observers is then determined. Which methodological issue in systematic observation does this activity address?

 

  reactivity

 

 

 

  reliability

 

  sampling

 

  validity

 

 

 

Question 30

 

 

 

In the context of systematic observation, which methodological issue refers to the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect the behaviors of those being observed?

 

  contiguity

 

 

 

  reactivity

 

  validity

 

  reliability

 

 

 

Question 31

 

 

 

An employment agency wants to examine the employment rate in a city. The employment agency divides the population into the following subgroups: age, gender, graduates, nongraduates, and discipline of graduation. The employment agency then indiscriminately selects sample members from each of these subgroups. This is an example of

 

  simple random sampling.

 

  purposive sampling.

 

  convenience sampling.

 

 

 

  stratified random sampling.

 

 

 

Question 32

 

 

 

To test the hypothesis that younger people are currently more opposed to the use of nuclear energy than older people, the best method would be a(n)

 

  archival study.

 

  case study.

 

 

 

  survey.

 

  naturalistic observation.

 

 

 

Question 33

 

 

 

In the context of response sets, people who try to present themselves in a positive way in their questionnaire responses are showing

 

  cognitive dissonance.

 

 

 

  social desirability.

 

  the carryover effect.

 

  a self-serving bias.

 

 

 

Question 34

 

 

 

Which of the following is a disadvantage of questionnaires?

 

  They are more expensive than interviews.

 

You Answered

 

  They do not allow the respondents to be completely anonymous.

 

  They cannot be administered in person to groups or individuals.

 

Correct Answer

 

  They require the respondents to read and understand the questions.

 

 

 

Question 35

 

 

 

Which of the following is an accurate statement about questionnaires?

 

  They do not lead to any problem of motivation.

 

 

 

  They are not as expensive as interviews.

 

  They do not require the respondents to read or understand the questions.

 

  They cannot be administered through the mail.

 

 

 

Question 36

 

 

 

When researchers ask several questions about a topic, a respondent may employ a response set to agree or disagree with all the questions. Such a tendency is referred to as

 

  social desirability or undesirability.

 

  open-ended or closed-ended response.

 

  negative or positive wording.

 

 

 

  yea-saying or nay-saying.

 

 

 

Question 37

 

 

 

“Should residents of the city spend more money on parks and road improvements?” is an example of a(n) ________ question.

 

  factual

 

 

 

  double-barreled

 

  evaluative

 

  negatively worded

 

 

 

Question 38

 

 

 

Ronald, a research student, is interested in knowingabout the cleanliness and facilities provided at a park in his neighborhood. He goes to the park in the morning and asks only couples and senior citizens passing by the park to fill out his questionnaire. This is an example of

 

  simple random sampling.

 

 

 

  purposive sampling.

 

  cluster sampling.

 

  quota sampling.

 

 

 

Question 39

 

 

 

Using a 95 percent confidence interval, Mike reports that 48 percent to 52 percent of the population favors Proposition D. The difference between 48 percent and 52 percent reflects the

 

  census limits.

 

  confidence values.

 

 

 

  sampling error.

 

  sample size.

 

 

 

Question 40

 

 

 

Psychology researchers are often not worried about obtaining random samples from the “general population” for their research because

 

  random samples are too difficult to obtain.

 

  populations are similar regardless of where the samples are obtained from.

 

You Answered

 

  relationships between variables will change over time.

 

Correct Answer

 

  most psychological research is focused on studying the relationships between variables even though the sample may be biased.

 

 

 

Question 41

 

 

 

The ________ is the actual population of individuals, or clusters, from which a random sample will be drawn.

 

 

 

  sampling frame

 

  response set

 

  confidence interval

 

  focus group

 

 

 

Question 42

 

 

 

A researcher stands outside a restaurant and asks only teenagers leaving the restaurant if they enjoyed the food there. What type of sampling technique has the researcher employed?

 

  simple random sampling

 

  stratified random sampling

 

  cluster sampling

 

 

 

  purposive sampling

 

 

 

Question 43

 

 

 

In a survey, participants were asked if they agree with the statement “I like spending my free time with other people.” They were also asked if they agree with the statement “I enjoy being alone during my free time.” This type of questioning helps in identifying

 

  loaded questions.

 

  negative wording.

 

 

 

  response sets.

 

  simplicity.

 

 

 

Question 44

 

 

 

It is important to use ________ sampling when researchers want to make precise statements about a specific population on the basis of the results of their survey.

 

  haphazard

 

  quota

 

 

 

  probability

 

  purposive

 

 

 

Question 45

 

 

 

To assess the presidential candidate preferences of the registered voters in Maricopa County, a researcher classifies the voters by social class and age. The researcher randomly selects voters from each subgroup according to its proportion in the entire county. This sampling technique is called ________ sampling.

 

  quota

 

  haphazard

 

  simple random

 

 

 

  stratified random

 

 

 

Question 46

 

 

 

During question construction, writing questions that are easily understood illustrates the concept of

 

  positivity.

 

  objectivity.

 

  simplicity.

 

  readability.

 

 

 

Question 47

 

 

 

________ are a research tool that allows collection of data directly from research participants by asking them questions

 

  Archival studies

 

  Direct observations

 

You Answered

 

  Case studies

 

Correct Answer

 

  Surveys

 

 

 

Question 48

 

 

 

Ricardo wants to study the academic performance of graduate students in the United States. First, he decides that he will study schools in only 15 states and he randomly selects those states. He then randomly selects 30 schools from these 15 states. Over a period of 3 months, Ricardo travels to these 30 schools and studies the academic performance of their students. Identify the sampling technique used by Ricardo in this scenario.

 

 

 

  cluster sampling

 

  quota sampling

 

  haphazard sampling

 

  purposive sampling

 

 

 

Question 49

 

 

 

The ________ in a survey is simply the percentage of people in the sample who actually completed the survey.

 

  confidence interval

 

  response set

 

  response rate

 

  sampling frame

 

 

 

Question 50In order to study changes in answers to survey questions over time, a researcher could conduct a(n) ________ study.

 

  panel

 

  transversal

 

  case

 

  archival

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